The racialization system that supports global anti-Blackness and which undergirds “scientific” racism and white supremacy. Blood quantum measures ancestry to determine who is racialized as white, Black, Indigenous, etc.
Blood quantum has since been combined with the fascist “science” of eugenics, and now includes racializing people based on their genetics.
Related to the “one drop” rule, a U.S. legal principle of the early 20th century that anyone with even a single discernable ancestor of Black “ancestry” is themselves Black.