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	<title>modes of production &#8211; Unity–Struggle–Unity</title>
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	<title>modes of production &#8211; Unity–Struggle–Unity</title>
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		<title>Industrial capitalism</title>
		<link>https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/industrial-capitalism/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Comrade Editor J. Katsfoter]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 11 Aug 2022 22:41:30 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[modes of production]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[The particular form of capitalism that emerged in the 19th century from the earlier, mercantilist system. Industrial capitalism was the most mature<p class="link-more"><a class="myButt " href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/industrial-capitalism/">Read More</a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The particular form of <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/capitalism/" target="_self" title="A mode of production in which the private ownership of the means of production predominates, and under which the only logic of production is the generation of profit AKA surplus value. Capitalism is typified by the logic of capital and it is dominated by commodity production. The three primary classes of capitalism are: the bourgeoisie,…" class="encyclopedia">capitalism</a> that emerged in the 19th century from the earlier, mercantilist system. Industrial capitalism was the most mature form of capitalism at the time of Karl Marx and <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/engels-friedrich/" target="_self" title="(1820-1895). One of the fathers of Scientific Socialism alongside Karl Marx. Engels landmark works include The Origins of Family, Private Property, and the State, Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, and Anti-Duhring, as well as editing and preparing Marx's Capital and Wage Labour &amp; Capital / Value, Price, and Profit." class="encyclopedia">Friedrich Engels</a>, but it has been superseded by <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/capitalist/" target="_self" title="Another word for an &quot;owner,&quot; that is, a member of the bourgeoisie; i.e., someone who owns capital but does not support themselves through their own labor." class="encyclopedia">capitalist</a>-<a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/imperialism/" target="_self" title="More properly, capitalist imperialism, this term is used in the modern sense to denote the formation of large blocks of monopoly capital and the exhaustion of the capacity of a country's domestic market which drives that capital to seek expanded markets and investments in other countries. The period of imperialism is typified by the dividing…" class="encyclopedia">imperialism</a> as a generalized <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/mode-of-production/" target="_self" title="Modes of production are determined by the sum total of the productive relationships (see relations of production) that exist in any society. Capitalism, feudalism, socialism, and so on are all modes of production. It is possible to identify these in even finer divisions: mercantilism is a form of the proto-capitalist mode of production, for example,…" class="encyclopedia">mode of production</a> (see imperialism).</p>
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		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">225</post-id>	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Feudal, feudalism</title>
		<link>https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/feudal-feudalism/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Comrade Editor J. Katsfoter]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 11 Aug 2022 22:39:00 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[modes of production]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[political economy]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://box2496.temp.domains/~unitystr/?post_type=encyclopedia&#038;p=219</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[A mode of production distinguished by the distribution of land in fiefs or feods, agricultural production, serfs tied to the land.  <p class="link-more"><a class="myButt " href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/feudal-feudalism/">Read More</a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/mode-of-production/" target="_self" title="Modes of production are determined by the sum total of the productive relationships (see relations of production) that exist in any society. Capitalism, feudalism, socialism, and so on are all modes of production. It is possible to identify these in even finer divisions: mercantilism is a form of the proto-capitalist mode of production, for example,…" class="encyclopedia">mode of production</a> distinguished by the distribution of land in fiefs or feods, agricultural production, serfs tied to the land.<br>
 <br>
In essence, the feudal mode of production was reliant on the concentration of land into large estates held by feudatories – landholders of an enormous scale – and the prevalence of the so-called “feudal contract” through which landholders permitted use of their land in exchange for a portion of the goods produced or some other “tax in kind.”</p>
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		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">219</post-id>	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Commodity</title>
		<link>https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/commodity/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Comrade Editor J. Katsfoter]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 11 Aug 2022 22:36:20 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[basic terms]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[modes of production]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[political economy]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://box2496.temp.domains/~unitystr/?post_type=encyclopedia&#038;p=212</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Any product made with the intention of exchanging it to realize surplus value, rather than made for use (use value). Commodity production<p class="link-more"><a class="myButt " href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/commodity/">Read More</a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Any product made with the intention of exchanging it to realize <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/257/" target="_self" title="Any period during which the worker has already made back the value of their wage and yet is still producing commodities for the capitalist. The formula for calculating surplus value can be taken as follows: Where c = constant capital (capital outlay on raw materials, machines, electricity, factory space, etc.), v = variable capital (capital…" class="encyclopedia">surplus value</a>, rather than made for use (use <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/value/" target="_self" title="Marx identifies three values that exist under commodity production: labor value, a quantitative measure of how much work is expended to create a commodity; use value, a qualitative measure of the properties of a commodity and what it is used for (food for eating, coats for wearing, and so on); and exchange value, a quantitative…" class="encyclopedia">value</a>). <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/commodity-production/" target="_self" title="A mode of production that underlies the modern capitalist economic model. Commodity production is an economic relation that relies on:   1. the existence of wage labor;   2. the private ownership of the means of production;   3. a state-sanctioned market for exchange.   Under commodity production, products are made not for use (use…" class="encyclopedia">Commodity production</a> is the basis of the modern <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/capitalist/" target="_self" title="Another word for an &quot;owner,&quot; that is, a member of the bourgeoisie; i.e., someone who owns capital but does not support themselves through their own labor." class="encyclopedia">capitalist</a> economy.</p>
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		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">212</post-id>	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Commodity production</title>
		<link>https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/commodity-production/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Comrade Editor J. Katsfoter]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 11 Aug 2022 22:36:04 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[modes of production]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[political economy]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://box2496.temp.domains/~unitystr/?post_type=encyclopedia&#038;p=211</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[A mode of production that underlies the modern capitalist economic model. Commodity production is an economic relation that relies on:   1.<p class="link-more"><a class="myButt " href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/commodity-production/">Read More</a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/mode-of-production/" target="_self" title="Modes of production are determined by the sum total of the productive relationships (see relations of production) that exist in any society. Capitalism, feudalism, socialism, and so on are all modes of production. It is possible to identify these in even finer divisions: mercantilism is a form of the proto-capitalist mode of production, for example,…" class="encyclopedia">mode of production</a> that underlies the modern <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/capitalist/" target="_self" title="Another word for an &quot;owner,&quot; that is, a member of the bourgeoisie; i.e., someone who owns capital but does not support themselves through their own labor." class="encyclopedia">capitalist</a> economic model. <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/commodity/" target="_self" title="Any product made with the intention of exchanging it to realize surplus value, rather than made for use (use value). Commodity production is the basis of the modern capitalist economy." class="encyclopedia">Commodity</a> production is an economic relation that relies on:<br>
 <br>
1. the existence of <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/wage-labor/" target="_self" title="An element of commodity production - the mode of production whereby one sells their labor power in exchange for a wage.    In order for waged labor to exist as a widespread productive mode (and not merely as isolated exchanges), there must exist a class of people who have no other way of subsisting –…" class="encyclopedia">wage labor</a>;<br>
 <br>
2. the private ownership of the <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/means-of-production/" target="_self" title="(see also, relations of production)   These are the tools and furnishings with which any society engages in wide scale production. In industrial capitalism the means of production are factories, factory equipment, land, and industrial machinery. The means of production cover two broad categories: subjects of labor such as raw materials; the things upon which…" class="encyclopedia">means of production</a>;<br>
 <br>
3. a <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/state/" target="_self" title="(see also, class dictatorship)   The &quot;public power&quot; which no longer directly coincides with the population organizing itself. This public power becomes necessary as a matter of historical development when society splits into classes. The public power consists &quot;not merely of armed men but also of material adjuncts, prisons, and institutions of coercion of all…" class="encyclopedia">state</a>-sanctioned market for exchange.<br>
 <br>
Under commodity production, products are made not for use (use <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/value/" target="_self" title="Marx identifies three values that exist under commodity production: labor value, a quantitative measure of how much work is expended to create a commodity; use value, a qualitative measure of the properties of a commodity and what it is used for (food for eating, coats for wearing, and so on); and exchange value, a quantitative…" class="encyclopedia">value</a>) but rather to make a profit (<a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/257/" target="_self" title="Any period during which the worker has already made back the value of their wage and yet is still producing commodities for the capitalist. The formula for calculating surplus value can be taken as follows: Where c = constant capital (capital outlay on raw materials, machines, electricity, factory space, etc.), v = variable capital (capital…" class="encyclopedia">surplus value</a>). The defining feature of commodity production is that the workers make things they do not need in exchange for a wage which allows them to purchase the things they require to survive.</p>
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		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">211</post-id>	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Capitalist state</title>
		<link>https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/capitalist-state/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Comrade Editor J. Katsfoter]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 11 Aug 2022 22:26:42 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[modes of production]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[state form]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://box2496.temp.domains/~unitystr/?post_type=encyclopedia&#038;p=203</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Any state which operates as a class dictatorship of the bourgeoisie. The bourgeois republic is one form of a capitalist state. The<p class="link-more"><a class="myButt " href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/capitalist-state/">Read More</a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Any <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/state/" target="_self" title="(see also, class dictatorship)   The &quot;public power&quot; which no longer directly coincides with the population organizing itself. This public power becomes necessary as a matter of historical development when society splits into classes. The public power consists &quot;not merely of armed men but also of material adjuncts, prisons, and institutions of coercion of all…" class="encyclopedia">state</a> which operates as a <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/class-dictatorship/" target="_self" title="(see also, state)   This is the term used to describe the situation wherein a single class obtains and maintains control over political power. All states are class dictatorships - they question is merely which class they serve.   The current form of the state is a dictatorship of the bourgeoisie, the dictatorship of the…" class="encyclopedia">class dictatorship</a> of the <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/bourgeoisie-the/" target="_self" title="One of the three primary classes of industrial capitalism. The bourgeoisie are identified by the following primary relations of production: Members of this class own the means of production. Members of this class do not perform labor for their own support." class="encyclopedia">bourgeoisie</a>. The <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/bourgeois-republic/" target="_self" title="A form of capitalist state. The bourgeois republic emerged historically as the successor to feudal states in Europe, generally as the result of revolution caused by the buildup of contradictions. The bourgeois republic is generally typified by the appearance of democracy which masks a class dictatorship of the bourgeoisie." class="encyclopedia">bourgeois republic</a> is one form of a <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/capitalist/" target="_self" title="Another word for an &quot;owner,&quot; that is, a member of the bourgeoisie; i.e., someone who owns capital but does not support themselves through their own labor." class="encyclopedia">capitalist</a> state. The fascist dictatorship is another form of capitalist state.</p>
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		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">203</post-id>	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Capitalism</title>
		<link>https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/capitalism/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Comrade Editor J. Katsfoter]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 11 Aug 2022 22:26:20 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[modes of production]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[political economy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[productive relations]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://box2496.temp.domains/~unitystr/?post_type=encyclopedia&#038;p=202</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[A mode of production in which the private ownership of the means of production predominates, and under which the only logic of<p class="link-more"><a class="myButt " href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/capitalism/">Read More</a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/mode-of-production/" target="_self" title="Modes of production are determined by the sum total of the productive relationships (see relations of production) that exist in any society. Capitalism, feudalism, socialism, and so on are all modes of production. It is possible to identify these in even finer divisions: mercantilism is a form of the proto-capitalist mode of production, for example,…" class="encyclopedia">mode of production</a> in which the private ownership of the <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/means-of-production/" target="_self" title="(see also, relations of production)   These are the tools and furnishings with which any society engages in wide scale production. In industrial capitalism the means of production are factories, factory equipment, land, and industrial machinery. The means of production cover two broad categories: subjects of labor such as raw materials; the things upon which…" class="encyclopedia">means of production</a> predominates, and under which the only logic of production is the generation of profit AKA <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/257/" target="_self" title="Any period during which the worker has already made back the value of their wage and yet is still producing commodities for the capitalist. The formula for calculating surplus value can be taken as follows: Where c = constant capital (capital outlay on raw materials, machines, electricity, factory space, etc.), v = variable capital (capital…" class="encyclopedia">surplus value</a>. Capitalism is typified by the logic of <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/capital/" target="_self" title="(generally) Anything which is used to procure or extract surplus value. Capital is not a static definition, but rather constitutes an economic relation. Machinery that forms the instruments of production, such as industrial machinery and property that is a condition of production, such as farmland or the physical fabric of a factory, are both forms…" class="encyclopedia">capital</a> and it is dominated by <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/commodity-production/" target="_self" title="A mode of production that underlies the modern capitalist economic model. Commodity production is an economic relation that relies on:   1. the existence of wage labor;   2. the private ownership of the means of production;   3. a state-sanctioned market for exchange.   Under commodity production, products are made not for use (use…" class="encyclopedia">commodity production</a>. </p>
<p>The three primary classes of capitalism are: the <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/bourgeoisie-the/" target="_self" title="One of the three primary classes of industrial capitalism. The bourgeoisie are identified by the following primary relations of production: Members of this class own the means of production. Members of this class do not perform labor for their own support." class="encyclopedia">bourgeoisie</a>, the <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/petit-bourgeoisie/" target="_self" title="The class which is defined by ownership of the means of production that must work to maintain itself." class="encyclopedia">petit-bourgeoisie</a>, and the <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/proletariat/" target="_self" title="The class that is defined by lack of ownership of means of production that must work to sustain itself." class="encyclopedia">proletariat</a>.<br>
 <br>
The <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/capitalist/" target="_self" title="Another word for an &quot;owner,&quot; that is, a member of the bourgeoisie; i.e., someone who owns capital but does not support themselves through their own labor." class="encyclopedia">capitalist</a> mode of production can be expressed as M-C-M’ (production), C-M-C (circulation), and M-C (consumption) where M = <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/money/" target="_self" title="Both a social relation and the universal commodity which is exchangeable for all other commodities. As a social relation, money is the power to command the labor of others. As the universal commodity, money is how exchange occurs under the capitalist mode of production. Money that is used to extract surplus value is capital." class="encyclopedia">money</a>, C = <a href="https://unity-struggle-unity.org/encyclopedia/commodity/" target="_self" title="Any product made with the intention of exchanging it to realize surplus value, rather than made for use (use value). Commodity production is the basis of the modern capitalist economy." class="encyclopedia">commodity</a>, and M’ = money increased.</p>
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